A novel tumor-progressing fibroblast signature derived from single-cell RNA sequencing enables prognostic stratification and reveals RNF11 as a functional regulator in bladder cancer

We established a CAF-based prognostic model that integrates single-cell insights with bulk transcriptomics for robust risk stratification in BLCA. The TPFR model shows clinical utility particularly in elderly and early-stage patients. Functional characterization showed that RNF11 regulates proliferation and migration of bladder cancer. These findings highlight the prognostic value of CAF signatures and provide a framework for precision medicine approaches in bladder cancer management.