Lifestyle factors and prevalence of semen abnormalities among men undergoing infertility evaluation at oak specialist hospital: A retrospective cohort study

Using current international standards, this study provides updated baseline data on male infertility patterns in urban Ghana. The findings reveal a high burden of specific abnormalities, particularly in sperm morphology and leukocyte concentration, which may be more clinically relevant than simple concentration or motility deficits in this population. Modifiable lifestyle factors, such as diet, represent viable targets for public health intervention. These results are vital for clinical benchmarking, guiding targeted health strategies, and establishing a foundation for future comparative studies in similar resource-constrained settings.