Artificial Intelligence in Pleural Diseases: Current Applications and Next Steps

Pleural diseases pose a significant burden on healthcare systems due to diagnostic challenges and high costs. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to provide faster, more accurate, and more reliable results in the diagnosis of these diseases. This review evaluates the current status of AI technologies in the diagnosis of pleural effusion (PE), malignant PE, tuberculosis pleurisy (TP), pneumothorax, and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Deep learning algorithms developed for radiological diagnosis provide high sensitivity and specificity in determining the presence and severity of PE. AI models that integrate clinical parameters such as chest computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)-CT, and tumour markers in distinguishing between benign and malignant effusions have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve: >0.90). In cytological diagnosis, computer-assisted systems such as Aitrox have demonstrated performance comparable to that of expert cytopathologists in diagnosing malignant effusions. In the diagnosis of TP, AI models outperform conventional diagnostic methods, particularly when combined with laboratory parameters such as adenosine deaminase. Food and Drug Administration-approved AI models are effectively used for the rapid diagnosis of pneumothorax and for emergency interventions. In MPM diagnosis, AI models using PET-CT images and three-dimensional segmentation offer significant advantages in prognostic evaluation and treatment response monitoring. However, large-scale, multi-centre studies are needed to standardise and generalise AI models. In light of these developments, AI may fundamentally change the diagnostic management of pleural diseases.