Seaweed bioactive compounds as functional food for modulating gut microbiota

This study explores the bioactive compounds found in seaweeds and their potential as functional foods for promoting gut health. Seaweeds are abundant in polysaccharides, polyphenols, proteins, peptides, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which play a crucial role in modulating gut microbiota. These bioactives act as prebiotics, fostering the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, while reducing proinflammatory microbes. Sulphated polysaccharides like fucoidans, carrageenans, and ulvans enhance microbial diversity and stimulate short-chain fatty acid production, strengthening the intestinal barrier and supporting immune regulation. Polyphenols contribute to gut homeostasis by modulating microbial composition and providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Additionally, seaweed-derived proteins and peptides help maintain microbial balance and support metabolic functions. Research suggests that these bioactive compounds stimulate the gut microbiota ecosystem, enhancing antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which help reduce proinflammatory cytokines and may prevent chronic diseases. Seaweeds contribute to gut microbiota homeostasis by regulating microbial composition and preventing dysbiosis. Given their rich prebiotic content, seaweeds are a compelling dietary option for enhancing beneficial gut bacteria. However, most studies focus on prebiotic compounds from other sources, underscoring the need for further research on seaweed-derived bioactives. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies are essential to better understand the mechanisms through which seaweed components influence gut health, paving the way for novel functional food strategies.