Dental Age Estimation: A Crucial Tool in Forensic Identification and Legal Application—A Literature Review

Dental age estimation is a crucial tool in forensic science and legal investigations, used to determine a person’s age based on their teeth. Teeth develop in a predictable manner, making them reliable indicators of age, even when other biological markers are unavailable. This technique is widely applied in criminal cases, identifying victims in mass disasters, and resolving legal disputes related to age, such as immigration cases and age verification for legal purposes. Several scientific methods help in estimating dental age across different age groups. In children and adolescents, there is an evaluation of the developmental stages of permanent teeth through radiographic analysis. Another common approach is the atlas method, which provides a series of reference images showing tooth development at different ages. Demerjian stages in developing teeth to estimate age in children and adolescents. For adults, age estimation relies on regressive changes in teeth, such as root translucency and secondary dentin deposition. These methods provide forensic experts with reliable tools for age estimation, though individual variations in genetics, nutrition, and environmental factors can affect accuracy. Recent advancements in digital imaging, artificial intelligence, and machine learning are improving the precision of dental age estimation. Techniques like Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and automated analysis of dental structures are helping forensic scientists refine their assessments. Despite some limitations, dental age estimation remains one of the most effective techniques for age determination when birth records are unavailable or disputed. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the various methods used in dental age estimation, highlighting their applications, advantages, and limitations in forensic and legal contexts. It will also explore recent advancements in imaging techniques and artificial intelligence that are enhancing the accuracy of age estimation. By examining existing methodologies and emerging technologies, this review seeks to contribute to the continuous improvement of forensic odontology, ensuring more reliable and standardised age estimation practices for legal and investigative purposes.