An elementary solution of the Diophantine equation 𝑥²-2𝑦⁴=-1

Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-brace upper P Subscript n Baseline right-brace"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\{P_n\}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be the Pell sequence. By combining the congruence properties of recurrence sequences with the law of quadratic reciprocity, it is proved that for odd <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper P Subscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is a perfect square if and only if <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n equals plus-or-minus 1 comma plus-or-minus 7"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo> ± </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo> ± </mml:mo> <mml:mn>7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n=\pm 1, \pm 7</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . This provides an elementary proof for Ljunggren’s result, which asserts that the only positive integer solutions of the Diophantine equation <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="x squared minus 2 y Superscript 4 Baseline equals negative 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^2-2y^4=-1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> are <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis x comma y right-parenthesis equals left-parenthesis 1 comma 1 right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(x, y)=(1, 1)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis 239 comma 13 right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>239</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(239, 13)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> .

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Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Published
2026-01-15
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1090/proc/17533
Primary Topic
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
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article

An elementary solution of the Diophantine equation 𝑥²-2𝑦⁴=-1

Ming Luo, Lijuan Lin
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
article

An elementary solution of the Diophantine equation 𝑥²-2𝑦⁴=-1

Ming Luo, Lijuan Lin
article en

Abstract

Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-brace upper P Subscript n Baseline right-brace"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\{P_n\}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be the Pell sequence. By combining the congruence properties of recurrence sequences with the law of quadratic reciprocity, it is proved that for odd <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper P Subscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P_n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is a perfect square if and only if <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n equals plus-or-minus 1 comma plus-or-minus 7"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo> ± </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo> ± </mml:mo> <mml:mn>7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n=\pm 1, \pm 7</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . This provides an elementary proof for Ljunggren’s result, which asserts that the only positive integer solutions of the Diophantine equation <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="x squared minus 2 y Superscript 4 Baseline equals negative 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^2-2y^4=-1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> are <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis x comma y right-parenthesis equals left-parenthesis 1 comma 1 right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(x, y)=(1, 1)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis 239 comma 13 right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>239</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(239, 13)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> .

Proceedings of the American Mathematical SocietyVol. 154(3)
Chongqing Normal University (CN), Chongqing Vocational and Technical University of Mechatronics (CN), Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering (CN)
Openalex Percentile: Top 86%
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
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