Mobile applications for COVID19: A review and exploratory analysis of their roles in health, financial technology, and public services

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the use of mobile applications to maintain access to essential services. Governments worldwide adopted mobile technologies to support healthcare, financial, and public service delivery during lockdowns. This review examines the adoption, effectiveness, and challenges of these applications across sectors and regions. Method. Using a systematic literature review combined with thematic exploratory analysis, this study identifies mobile applications developed in response to COVID-19, categorised by healthcare, financial technology (fintech), and public service domains. It analyses adoption drivers, technological trends, and regional implementation differences. Analysis. The review reveals that while mobile apps enabled rapid service continuity, they also raised concerns regarding data privacy, digital equity, and system interoperability. Key themes include trust, usability, and institutional support, with variations in effectiveness based on infrastructure and governance. Results. Mobile applications significantly contributed to healthcare delivery, financial transactions, and public services during COVID-19. While they enhanced accessibility and service continuity, major challenges emerged around data privacy, infrastructure, and user adoption. The study highlights the need for user-friendly, secure, and interoperable mobile systems to improve resilience in future crises. Conclusion. The findings highlight the need for resilient, secure, and inclusive mobile systems. Cross-sector collaboration, privacy regulations, and context-aware design are essential for enhancing digital preparedness in future crises.