Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Neurological Complications: Review

Abstract : Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the chronic metabolic diseases with a prevalence that continues to increase globally. This disorder not only affects glucose metabolism but also causes multisystem complications, including neurological complications such as peripheral neuropathy, autonomic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. Objective: This study aims to comprehensively analyze the latest empirical evidence regarding the relationship between type 2 diabetes (DMT2) and the risk of neurological complications. Methods: This study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach following the PRISMA method. Results: The findings indicate that DMT2 patients have a higher risk of developing neurological complications, both peripheral and central. Certain antidiabetic medications, such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, show protective effects in reducing the risk of dementia and neurodegeneration. Additionally, factors such as disease duration, age at diagnosis, and genetic status (e.g., APOE ε4) also contribute to variations in risk levels. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as regular physical activity and good metabolic control, have also been shown to improve cognitive function and slow the progression of neuropathy. Conclusion: Based on the study results, DMT2 significantly increases the risk of neurological complications through mechanisms of inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance that affect nerve tissues. Pharmacological interventions with modern agents such as GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors show protective prospects against neurodegeneration.