Case Report: Clinical characteristics and multidisciplinary collaborative management of congenital tuberculosis in extremely preterm twins and preterm infants: a report of three cases and literature review

The diagnosis of maternal-fetal transmission of tuberculosis in extremely premature and premature infants is highly challenging due to the lack of specific symptoms, often misdiagnosed as sepsis or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This study observed through three cases that integrating chest imaging, etiological tests (such as NGS), placental pathology assessment, and fundus screening (such as retinal white spot changes) aids in early diagnosis. MDT collaboration in developing individualized anti-tuberculosis treatment plans (including isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide) supplemented with supportive therapy effectively improves infant prognosis, with normal weight gain post-discharge, good development, and no permanent visual damage. Strengthening prenatal screening and monitoring for high-risk pregnant women helps prevent such cases. In the future, multicenter studies should further optimize diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies to reduce mortality and improve neonatal quality of life.