Mineral content and potentially toxic elements in Pyropia spp. cultivated in Korea: Influence of harvest region, season, and drying process

This study investigated variations in mineral and potentially toxic element (PTE) content of raw and dried laver in Korea, focusing on effects of region, season, species, and drying method. Mineral content increased in dried laver owing to moisture loss; sulfur, potassium, and phosphorus dominated among macrominerals, with abundant iron and iodine, underscoring the nutritional value of laver. In raw laver, Ca, Mg, I, Mo, and Hg showed significant seasonal variability; in dried laver, S, Cr, Se, and Hg exhibited seasonal correlations. All detected PTEs remained below safety regulatory limits. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis revealed apparent seasonal clustering in dried samples across December, February, and April, limited clustering in raw samples, and indistinct regional differentiation. Dietary contribution estimates indicated that molybdenum, chromium, and manganese exceeded 15% recommended daily allowance in most samples. Target hazard quotient and total target hazard quotient values for all PTEs were < 1, indicating minimal non-carcinogenic health risk.