Production and Characterization of Novel Photocatalytic Materials Derived from the Sustainable Management of Agro-Food By-Products

Porous photocatalysts from agricultural waste, i.e., apricot and peach shell, with titanium dioxide were prepared by a carbonaceous method, the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation and its kinetics about methylene blue (MB) were studied systematically. The properties of the prepared composite sorbents were characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, surface area, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. Several key factors, including radiation, pH, temperature, initial MB concentration, contact time, and sorbent dosage, as well as photocatalytic activity were investigated. All the waste-TiO₂ adsorbents showed improved adsorption and photodegradation performance compared to commercial charchoal-TiO₂. The produced materials presented high specific surface areas especially those derived from apricot shell-TiO₂ with a combination of type I and IV adsorption isotherms with a hysteresis loop indicating micro and mesopore structures. In addition, under UV radiation, the composite sorbents exhibited greater MB removal efficiency than non-radiated composite sorbents. The examined conditions have shown the best MB adsorption results at pH greater than 7.5, temperature 30 °C, contact time 120 min, initial concentration 0.5 mg/L MB, and sorbent dosage equal to 2.0 g/L C/MB. The total removal rate of MB is 98.5%, while the respective amount of commercial charcoal-TiO₂ is equal to 75.0%. The kinetic model that best describes the experimental data of MB degradation from the photocatalytic materials is the pseudo-second order model. In summary, this work highlights the effectiveness and feasibility of transforming agricultural waste into carbonaceous composite sorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from wastewater. Future work will involve scaling up the synthesis of the catalyst and evaluating its performance using bed reactors for industrial processes.