Immunomodulatory activities of bovine host defense peptides (HDPs): context-dependent roles in inflammation and immune priming

These findings reveal distinct immunomodulatory profiles among bovine HDPs, ranging from pro-inflammatory (BNBD3, LAP) to suppressive (BMAP27), and underscore the importance of treatment timing. The immune-priming capacity of certain HDPs suggests potential use as prophylactic agents to enhance resilience to infections, while suppressive peptides like BMAP27 may serve therapeutic roles in resolving excessive inflammation. Importantly, the variability observed among individual animals emphasizes the need for personalized approaches in immunomodulation. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the immunological functions of bovine HDPs, supporting their potential as alternatives or adjunctive therapies to antibiotics in veterinary medicine.