Beyond Physical Upgrades: Reconfiguring Original Residents’ Belongingness in Informal Settlements with a Network–Node–Subject Lens

Informal settlements are widely present and important urban spaces, providing valuable living spaces for many migrant populations, low-income groups, and indigenous peoples. However, urbanization faces a common challenge: the transformation of informal settlements often destroys social structures and belongingness. Despite its importance, few studies have examined how redevelopment is correlated with original residents’ belongingness. To address this gap, this study proposes a research framework of belongingness structured along the logical chain of “network–node–subject”. Social network analysis (SNA) is employed to identify the existing outdoor activity space network and its key nodes. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is then conducted to determine the key environmental features of outdoor activity spaces that influence original residents’ belongingness. Furthermore, K-means clustering is applied to explore the correlation mechanism between space and belongingness across different age groups. This study identifies differentiated and universal elements by analyzing the clustered conflict factors, in order to provide precise policy insights. The findings provide actionable insights for enhancing residents’ belongingness during the redevelopment of informal settlements in cities.