Research on occupants out-of-position and whiplash injury under automatic emergency braking

The BioRID II dummy response in the AWFFRI scenario exhibit an increasing trend compared to those in the traditional whiplash scenario. For the BioRID II dummy, the upper neck shear force, upper neck extension tension, as well as NIC exhibit the most significant increase. Additionally, the upper neck shear force, upper neck extension tension, T1 average acceleration, and NIC of the BioRID II dummy exceeded the thresholds, indicating that the occupant may be at risk of sustaining a neck injury. For the THUMS model, the stress and strain on the dummy skull, cervical vertebrae, and ligaments are higher in the AWFFRI scenario compared to the traditional whiplash scenario. Furthermore, the interspinous ligament injury stain (0.871) exceeds the threshold (0.68), indicating a greater risk of ligamentum flavum injury. The results obtained in this study highlight a concern for a potential increase in whiplash risk associated with AEB when followed by a rear impact.