Optimizing stand-alone hybrid PV/Diesel Generator system with a focus on reliability, cost, and environmental considerations

• Multi-objective optimization of a stand-alone system combining PV/DG. • Considering NPC, T E C O 2 , and LPSP as three objective functions. • Using PSO and GWO approach to optimize the micro-grid multi-objective solution. • Establishing a comprehensive evaluation framework to assess HRES from economic, reliability, and environmental aspects. HRESs have been extensively demonstrated to provide reliable electricity in areas where extending the power grid is not feasible due to geographical constraints. However, it is important to note that these systems are not entirely free of emissions. This study examines an HRES consisting of PV and a DG. This work proposes three scenarios labeled Multi-Objective NPC vs. LPSP and Multi-Objective Emission vs. LPSP. The first scenario investigates NPC and LPSP, while the second scenario evaluates Total CO 2 Emission and LPSP to design a PV/DG power generation system for a remote university in Torbat Heydarieh, Iran. To solve the optimization problem, three well-known multi-objective optimization methods, namely MOHS, MOGWO, and MOPSO, are utilized to identify the appropriate dimensions of the components in a hybrid system. According to the calculations made in the first scenario, the cost of fuel and diesel generators accounts for over 80% of the NPC of the proposed system. By changing the LPSP value from 0 to 10 percent, the NPC is reduced by nearly 30 percent. In the second scenario, the cost of fuel and diesel generators accounts for more than 60% of the NPC of the system. Additionally, by changing the LPSP value from 0 to 10 percent, the Total CO2 Emissions are reduced by nearly 35 percent. A complete sensitivity analysis reveals the influence of interest rates and fuel prices on the NPC. Using MATLAB software, the numerical modeling outcomes obtained from the MOGWO method were compared to similar results generated by the MOHS and MOPSO approaches