Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Royal Jelly Against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

This is the first study to simultaneously evaluate the antibacterial activity of royal jelly against multiple strains of clinically relevant MDR pathogens alongside comprehensive chemical profiling. Importantly, it reveals for the first time that the efficacy of royal jelly varies not only between species but also among strains within the same species, emphasizing the need to consider strain-level differences in future assessments.