Effects of Wheel-Ground Conditions on Racing Car Aerodynamics Under Ride-Height-Related Attitude Variations

In racing cars, a low ride height is crucial for inverted wings and ground-effect systems to function effectively, significantly enhancing aerodynamic performance but also increasing sensitivity to pitch and roll variations. However, the specific impact of wheel-ground conditions on racing cars under ride-height-related attitude variations has not received attention. This study employed numerical simulations (compared with wind tunnel test data) to investigate these effects on racecar aerodynamic characteristics, analyzing three specific wheel-ground combinations: moving ground with rotating wheels (MR), moving ground with stationary wheels (MS), and stationary ground with stationary wheels (SS). A systematic analysis was conducted on aerodynamic changes associated with wheel-plane total pressure coefficient differences, upper-lower surface pressure coefficient variations, and front-rear axle aerodynamic force distributions, elucidating individual component contributions to overall performance changes induced by wheel-ground alterations. Results indicate that wheel conditions, especially rear wheels and their localized interactions with the diffuser-equipped body predominantly influence drag. In contrast, ground conditions primarily affect the body and front wing to alter downforce, with induced drag variations further amplifying total drag differences. Moreover, ground conditions’ impact on the front wing is modulated by vehicle attitude, resulting in either increased or decreased front wing downforce and thus altering aerodynamic balance. These insights highlight that ride-height related attitudes are critical variables when evaluating combined wheel-ground effects, and while wheel rotation is significant, the aerodynamic force and balance changes induced by ground conditions (as modulated by attitude) warrant greater attention. This understanding provides valuable guidance for racecar aerodynamic design.