Technological roadmap for sustainable production of biomethane integrated with hydrogen from municipal solid waste

Abstract The purpose of this study is to develop a strategic technological roadmap for the production of biomethane and hydrogen from municipal solid waste (MSW), using a comprehensive multi-method approach based on the Environmental, Economic, Social, and Governance (EESG) framework. A systematic literature review (PRISMA), bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer, data refinement with OpenRefine, and patentometric analysis using Orbit Intelligence (Questel) were conducted to evaluate emerging technologies, market trends, and innovation gaps. The analysis revealed anaerobic digestion as the most widely used conversion technology, often enhanced by co-digestion and emerging systems such as microbial fuel cells and electrolysis. The patent analysis showed a significant increase in filings related to biogas and hydrogen technologies, particularly after the Paris Agreement, indicating global momentum toward renewable energy transitions. The roadmap highlights the need for greater standardization, governance mechanisms, and international collaboration to enhance scalability and market integration. By connecting technology trends to the EESG dimensions, we suggest that decision-makers as a structured guide to support sustainable waste-to-energy policies, contributing to climate goals and circular economy strategies. Graphical abstract