DeepRMSF: a deep learning-based automated approach for predicting atomic-level flexibility in RNA structure

Understanding RNA conformational dynamics is essential to understand its roles in complex biological processes. While computational methods have revolutionized the prediction of static 3D RNA structures, predicting local flexibility directly from structure remains a significant challenge. We developed DeepRMSF, a deep learning-based method that leverages atomic-level descriptions of RNA to predict vibrational flexibility given a tertiary structure. Trained on MD-derived root-mean-square fluctuations(RMSF), DeepRMSF was benchmarked on 371 nonredundant RNAs, with 311 RNAs used for five-fold cross-validation (PCC = 0.7219-0.7464) and 60 RNAs as an independent test set (PCC = 0.734), ensuring minimal sequence/structural similarity between sets. DeepRMSF predicts the local flexibility of medium-sized RNAs (~75 nucleotides) in ~8.2 s, achieving >3000-fold speed-up over MD simulations while maintaining strong extrapolative accuracy. Rather than replacing MD, DeepRMSF offers a scalable and practical alternative for transcriptome-scale screening of RNA flexibility, facilitating studies on RNA structure-dynamics-function relationships and supporting computational modeling in RNA biology.