Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of new analogues (Schiff bases) of natural product naringenin isolated from aerial parts of <i>Tamarix aphylla</i> to prevent the complications linked with advanced glycation end product

Several chronic complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, resulting from hyperglycaemia during diabetes are linked with advanced gyration end products (AGEs). The current study was undertaken on natural product, naringenin isolated from aerial parts ethanolic extract of plant <i>Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst</i>, through column chromatography for the synthetic new analogues <b>2-18</b> to evaluate their effects against formation of (AGEs). In-vitro anti-glycation screening on these analogues against rutin as a standard revealed that analogues <b>4, 6, 7</b>, <b>9</b>, <b>10</b>,<b>13</b>,<b>16, 17</b> and <b>18</b> are most potent, <b>2</b>, <b>3, 8</b>, <b>12</b>, <b>14</b> and <b>15</b> are moderately active, and <b>11</b> was least active. In MTT assay the analogues <b>1</b>, 7, <b>8</b>,<b>9</b>, <b>11</b>, <b>12</b>, <b>14</b>, <b>16</b>, and <b>18</b> were found non-toxic while <b>2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15,</b> and <b>17</b> were fairly toxic. Molecular docking of the most potent analogues <b>4</b>, <b>9</b>, <b>10</b>, and <b>17</b> demonstrated the outstanding binding affinities within the α-glucosidase binding sites.