Evaluating Regulatory Frameworks for Industrial Water Pollution Control in Malaysia: Challenges and Pathways for Enhanced Compliance

Abstract Industrial water pollution remains a persistent environmental concern in Malaysia, notwithstanding the presence of a comprehensive regulatory framework. This study critically evaluates the efficacy of existing regulatory mechanisms governing industrial effluent discharge, with particular emphasis on identifying barriers to compliance and avenues for systemic enhancement. Employing a qualitative policy analysis approach, the analysis draws upon a content examination of academic literature, government reports, and industry publications published between 2010 and 2024 to scrutinize institutional practices, enforcement strategies, and stakeholder engagement. The primary aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive and integrated assessment of Malaysia's water pollution governance, focusing on regulatory and institutional perspectives, and to offer policy insights rooted in current institutional realities. The findings reveal several fundamental shortcomings, including inconsistent enforcement, limited inter-agency collaboration, insufficient industry participation, and inadequate public accountability mechanisms. These deficiencies impede the intended objectives of Malaysia’s environmental legislation, thereby perpetuating recurrent water pollution incidents. This study underscores the imperative for a proactive and integrated regulatory framework that fosters collaboration among policymakers, industrial stakeholders, and local communities. It recommends strengthening institutional capacity, improving compliance monitoring mechanisms, and adopting participatory governance models. These insights offer practical guidance for advancing sustainable and effective water pollution mitigation strategies in Malaysia. Graphical Abstract