A Review of Natural Hazards’ Impacts on Wind Turbine Performance, Part 2: Earthquakes, Waves, Tropical Cyclones, and Thunderstorm Downbursts

The rapid expansion of wind power as a key component of global renewable energy systems has led to the widespread deployment of wind turbines in environments exposed to diverse natural hazards. While hazard effects are often investigated individually, real wind turbine systems frequently experience concurrent or sequential hazards over their operational lifetime, giving rise to interaction effects that are not adequately captured by conventional design approaches. This paper presents Part 2 of a comprehensive review on natural hazards affecting wind turbine performance, combining bibliometric keyword co-occurrence analysis with a critical synthesis of recent technical studies. The review focuses on earthquakes, sea waves, and extreme wind events, while also highlighting other hazard types that have received comparatively limited attention in the literature, examining their effects on wind turbine systems and the mitigation strategies reported to address associated risks. Rather than treating hazards in isolation, their impacts are synthesised through cross-hazard interaction pathways and component-level failure modes. The findings indicate that wind turbine vulnerability under multi-hazard conditions is governed not only by load magnitude but also by hazard-induced changes in system properties and operational state. Key research gaps are identified, emphasising the need for state-aware, mechanism-consistent multi-hazard assessment frameworks to support the resilient design and operation of future wind energy systems.