Selective Solidarity and Clientelism: The Case of Israel

ABSTRACT: In recent years, there has been a noticeable resurgence of clientelism in developed democracies, challenging the traditional notion that its presence diminishes as democratic institutions mature. This paper examines the case of Israel in order to explore the potential re-emergence of clientelism in liberal democracies amidst growing social fragmentation. Utilizing a comprehensive database of municipal budgeting, socio-economic, and demographic data, along with voting records from the Israeli Central Election Committee, this study analyzes the distribution of government funding to Jewish-majority cities over a period of 21 years. The findings reveal a significant clientelist bias in the allocation of public resources, which correlates with increased political support for certain parties, particularly under right-wing populist governments. This study further uncovers a self-reinforcing cycle wherein clientelist practices perpetuate political power and social divisions, thereby questioning the resilience of democratic institutions against clientelist strategies. The Israeli case offers insights into the dynamics of clientelism within developed democracies and highlights the interplay between social fragmentation and democratic governance.