A Review of Pediatric Orthopedic Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment Updates

Orthopedic disorders in pediatrics have a broad range of congenital and acquired musculoskeletal ailments, which significantly affect development, mobility, and quality of life in children. This review summarizes the existing evidence in the management of major disorders, such as developmental dysplasia of the hip, clubfoot, scoliosis, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, fractures, and neuromuscular syndromes. The relevant studies were identified by a thorough search in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases, recent trials, and consensus guidelines. Technological improvements such as ultrasonographic screening, the Ponseti method, producing a success rate of more than 90%, growth modulation implants, and motorized limb lengthening systems have enhanced the outcome and minimized the surgical load. Nevertheless, there are still issues such as inconsistency in the protocols, a lack of comparative research, and inequality in access to special care. New technologies, such as three-dimensional imaging, patient-specific instrumentation, and artificial intelligence-based predictive models, have the potential to be more precise but will need tight scrutiny of safety and cost-effectiveness. In future studies, multicenter trials, standardized outcomes with patient-reported outcome measures, and consensus guidelines to standardize care should be given priority. Continued investment in training, infrastructure, and international collaboration will be needed to ensure that innovations are fairly introduced and can be measured as leading to measurable improvement in musculoskeletal health and functioning of children across the world.