Preoperative inflammation-based immune prognostic nomogram in bladder cancer: a multicenter study

This study presents a validated, inflammation-based prognostic nomogram that combines preoperative hematologic indices with pathological features to predict overall survival in BCa patients undergoing RC. The model is non-invasive, cost-effective, and easy to implement using routine clinical data. Its strong predictive performance supports its application in preoperative counseling, individualized surveillance strategies, and decision-making regarding adjuvant therapy, contributing to more precise and personalized management in bladder cancer care.