Resolving the energy alignment between methylammonium lead iodide and C 60 : an in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy study

Abstract Understanding and controlling the energy level alignment at interfaces between lead halide perovskites and electron transport layers is crucial for optimizing perovskite-based devices such as solar cells. In this work, we investigated the energy level alignment of C₆₀ on in-situ cleaved MAPbI₃ single crystals in multiple repeat experiments using photoelectron spectroscopy aiming to resolve inconsistencies reported in earlier studies. Our results show that both materials remain chemically stable upon interface formation, in contrast to the strong reactions typically seen when metals are evaporated on perovskite surfaces. By analyzing the Pb 4f and C 1s binding energies in detail, we determined that C₆₀ consistently exhibits a downward energy shift toward MAPbI₃, which works against efficient charge extraction. The magnitude of this shift, however, varies between different sample positions, highlighting that small variations in sample surfaces can lead to significant differences in energetic alignment. These findings underscore the decisive role of surface chemistry on interfacial energetics, explain performance variability in perovskite devices, and demonstrate the need to control and accurately measure surface properties. Furthermore, the observed energetic alignment can explain why further interface modification by charge blocking layers or surface passivation is needed for optimized device efficiencies.