Cancer in disguise: a parasite within

Cancer does not simply develop unchecked-it strategically exploits its host with parasitic precision. From immune evasion to tissue remodeling, cancer cells mirror the survival strategies of parasitic helminths. This resemblance suggests that malignant cells have co-opted deeply conserved, evolutionarily honed tactics used by parasites to persist within their hosts. By mimicking helminths, cancer cells may also engage type-2 immune responses, traditionally associated with anti-parasitic defense, as part of the host's attempt to control their expansion. Such parallels could also help explain why type-2 immunity, once considered tumor-promoting, has recently emerged as a potential source of tumoricidal activity. In this Perspective, we explore mechanistic parallels between cancer and helminth infection. Recognizing the parasitic nature of cancer cells not only challenges established models of oncogenesis but also reveals mechanisms that could be leveraged for therapy.