Exploring the effect of skim milk on the membrane stability of frozen–thawed Inner Mongolia cashmere goat sperm based on proteomics

This study provides the first proteomic-level evidence that skim milk enhances the cryotolerance of Inner Mongolia cashmere goat spermatozoa. The mechanism involves the modulation of an energy-membrane protein network, which stabilizes sperm membranes during cryopreservation. The identified proteins establish molecular biomarkers for optimizing semen cryopreservation protocols in this breed.