How does bitterness perception correlate with the intention to use traditional Chinese medicine? An analysis of double-edged sword effects based on the stimuli–organism–response framework

The double-edged sword effects of bitterness perception arise from an asymmetric activation of perceived TCM usefulness and perceived TCM uncertainty at the cognitive stage, which is subsequently counterbalanced through differential transmission strengths, resulting in relatively equal opposing forces on the intention to use TCM. Individuals' TCM cultural identity plays a contingent role that individuals will make more bitterness-usefulness association and less bitterness-uncertainty association when they hold higher degree of TCM cultural identity, relating to more intention to use TCM. Thus, the results of this study encourage TCM promotion actors leverage the double-edged sword effects of TCM bitterness and the deep power of TCM culture in transforming simple bitterness sensory judgment and sublimates into cultural consciousness. However, due to the specific TCM-literate sample, findings regarding the 'bitterness-usefulness' association may not generalize to the general public, where such cultural bridging is weak. And cross-sectional data only demonstrate associations within the tested model.