Determinants of freight logistics performance: a three-dimensional framework of visibility, flexibility and green logistics performance

Purpose This study aims to develop and empirically test a three-dimensional framework integrating visibility, green logistics performance, and operational flexibility to explain freight logistics performance in the Indian context. The freight logistics sector serves as a critical driver of economic growth and competitiveness of nations across the globe. Yet, it faces significant operational inefficiencies, infrastructural constraints and environmental challenges. Despite ongoing reforms and policy interventions, logistics performance remains suboptimal compared to global benchmarks. Design/methodology/approach This study proposes an integrative framework encompassing three key dimensions: visibility, green logistics performance, and flexibility, as determinants of improved freight logistics performance. Drawing on data from logistics professionals across diverse organizational roles and sectors, the study applies fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to identify necessary and sufficient conditions for high performance. Findings The study findings reveal that individual dimensions positively influence outcomes, digital visibility tools, green logistics practices and operational adaptability significantly enhance logistics effectiveness and resilience. Configurations involving Internet of Things integration, carbon footprint reduction initiatives and multimodal transport capabilities emerged as critical enablers. Practical implications By offering a context-specific, empirically grounded model, the study contributes to both theoretical understanding and practical decision-making. It also aligns with Indian national logistics goals such as the PM Gati Shakti initiative and broader global imperatives, including the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The research thus provides actionable insights for policymakers, logistics providers and supply chain strategists seeking to transform India’s freight logistics landscape in a sustainable and future-ready manner. Originality/value The research adds value by providing the organization’s unique strategic pathways to achieve high logistics performance.