Modification of the association between obesity phenotypes and cardiovascular disease by social determinants of health: A prospective cohort study

This study followed nearly 90 000 adults in China to understand how obesity phenotypes and social determinants of health (SDOH)-such as education, income, and access to resources-interact to influence cardiovascular disease (CVD). Beyond confirming that metabolically unhealthy phenotypes carry greater CVD risk, the study demonstrated that these associations vary by SDOH burden, with stronger relative risks in favourable social conditions. Poor social conditions increased CVD risk across most obesity phenotypes, particularly among older adults.