Anabolic-androgenic steroids at supraphysiological doses: Cardiovascular impacts and pathophysiological mechanisms

This narrative review explores the cardiovascular risks associated with the non-therapeutic use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) at supraphysiological doses. Initially indicated for clinical conditions like hypogonadism and anemia, AAS are increasingly misused for aesthetic and performance enhancement, often at doses far exceeding therapeutic recommendations. Through a literature review of 34 studies selected from PubMed (2015-2025), the review analyzes the molecular mechanisms and cardiovascular consequences of high-dose AAS use. Genomic and non-genomic pathways, along with modulation of the IGF-1 axis, underlie alterations in gene expression and cellular metabolism that lead to myocardial remodeling, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. These effects are further intensified by behavioral factors such as polypharmacy and substance abuse. Despite ethical limitations on clinical trials with supraphysiological doses, experimental and epidemiological data consistently suggest that excessive AAS use significantly elevates the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. This work highlights the urgent need for public health policies, educational initiatives, and longitudinal studies to assess real-world use patterns and mitigate harms associated with AAS abuse.