Assessment of heavy metals, microbial load, nutritional value, and sensory quality of traditionally sun-dried fish (Puntius ticto) from Chhattisgarh, India

Abstract Traditional sun-dried fish are widely consumed in India, but their safety and nutritional quality remain underexplored. The present study was done to assess dietary significance and food safety risks of traditionally sun-dried Puntius ticto marketed across the districts of Chhattisgarh, India. Samples were collected from markets in Kawardha, Kurud, Durg, Charama, and Bilaspur. The average length and weight of sun-dried P. ticto ranged from 3.66 to 4.20 cm and 0.57 to 1.26 g, respectively. Water activity (0.369–0.421) and pH (6.09–6.29) values indicated microbial stability. Heavy metal analysis showed chromium levels (3.76–6.94 mg/kg) exceeded FAO (1 mg/kg) and WHO (1.3 mg/kg) limits, while lead (0.46–0.82 mg/kg), nickel (1.06–1.90 mg/kg), and cadmium (0.019–0.054 mg/kg) remained within safe thresholds; arsenic and mercury were below detectable limits. Mineral analysis highlighted high phosphorus (34,936–37,174 mg/kg), calcium (19,382–23,536 mg/kg), and iron (663.8–1,419 mg/kg), with appreciable zinc and magnesium. Proximate composition confirmed nutrient density: protein (48.9–54.5%), lipids (9.82–13.4%), moisture (5.96–9.31%), and ash (22.2–24.0%). Microbial assessment revealed total plate counts of 4.83–5.71 log CFU/g, with Bilaspur market samples showing the highest load. Coliform counts exceeded permissible limits in Durg and Kurud, reflecting poor hygiene. Sensory evaluation rated Durg samples highest for texture, colour, and overall acceptability. In conclusion, sun-dried P. ticto represents a nutritionally rich food resource, yet elevated chromium residues and microbial contamination highlight safety concerns, necessitating improved handling, hygienic drying practices, and stricter regulatory monitoring.