Molybdenum oxide based electrode materials for electrochemical sensing applications: Recent progress in electrode modifiers

Recent years have observed the rapid growth in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors using metal oxides and their hybrid composites for environmental monitoring applications. It was also found that electrochemical sensors or biosensors may also use in clinical diagnostic for the determination of small biomolecules such as dopamine or ascorbic acid etc. Therefore, it is clear that electrochemical sensors have significant role for the monitoring of pollutants or small biomolecules. In this connection, molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) based electrochemical sensors were developed for the sensing of hydrogen peroxide, and glucose etc. Numerous reports are available on the use of MoO₃ or MoO₃ based composites materials for the development of electrochemical sensors. In this review article, MoO₃ and its hybrid composites with oxides, carbon-materials, sulfides, metal-organic-framework (MOF), and polymers have been reviewed for electrochemical sensing applications. We have also briefly mentioned the reported methods for the synthesis of MoO₃ and its hybrid composites. Furthermore, various electrochemical techniques have been discussed for the determination of various analytes such as hydrogen peroxide, hydroquinone, resorcinol, hydrazine, heavy metal ions, dopamine, and glucose etc. The presence of various challenges in MoO₃ based electrochemical sensors have been discussed. In addition, future trends have been mentioned for MoO₃ based electrochemical sensors. The authors of this review article believe that proposed review article will benefit the scientific community regarding the developments in the fabrication of MoO₃ based electrochemical sensors for environmental and biomedical applications.