A green alternative: Engine performance and emission effect analysis of linalool-derived biodiesel with B₄C nanoparticles for sustainable fuel solutions

This study represents the first investigation in the literature to employ linalool as a biodiesel feedstock and to examine the effects of B₄C nanoparticles as an additive in linalool-based biodiesel blends. The experiments were conducted using a direct injection, four-stroke, air-cooled, single-cylinder diesel engine. In tests performed with biodiesel produced from linalool, the optimum fuel blend was identified as BDL30. To this blend, B₄C nanoparticles were added at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm to prepare different mixtures; the effects of these sterilized blends on combustion, emissions, and engine performance were evaluated. Compared to diesel fuel, BTE increased by 4.69%, while CO, HC, and smoke emissions decreased by 45.99%, 25.75%, and 23.83%, respectively. Additionally, BSFC was reduced by 10.18%, whereas NOₓ and CO₂ emissions increased by 23.4% and 21.54%, respectively. The results indicated that the BDL30–75 ppm blend delivered the best performance in terms of both emission reduction and overall efficiency. This study provides findings that contribute to the advancement of renewable energy sources, the adoption of clean production technologies, the mitigation of climate change, and the achievement of sustainable development goals. • Linalool was used as a biodiesel raw material for the first time. • BDL30 was selected as the optimum fuel, providing a 3.40% improvement in BTE compared to diesel. • The BDL30–75 ppm blend provided the highest brake thermal efficiency, with a 4.69% increase. • In the CP and CHRR graphs, BDL30–75 ppm fuel was observed to have the highest value in the cylinder.