Parkinson’s disease: spatiotemporal regulation and therapeutic prospects of TREM2-mediated microglial responses

Parkinson's disease (PD) presents a challenge, with neuroinflammation and immune dysregulation central to its pathogenesis. This review examines TREM2-a microglial receptor governing phagocytosis, metabolic adaptation, and immune phenotypes-as an important orchestrator of innate immunity across PD, with roles that appear stage- and context-dependent. We synthesize structure, signaling, and heterogeneity; integrate single-cell multi-omics, animal models, and clinical data; outline conserved mechanisms; and consider translational implications as an investigational biomarker and therapeutic target, emphasizing spatiotemporal dynamics.