A Review to Assess the Challenges of a Human Mission to Mars

The phased strategy of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) starting from Earth-reliant operations on the International Space Station (ISS) through proving ground missions in cis lunar space, all the way to Earth-independent deep space operations, provides a framework for planning human Mars missions. Recent developments, such as the selection of multiple industry proposals to study alternative, more efficient Mars Sample Return (MSR) methods, as well as new research on human factors from analog missions, provide updated insights that refine this framework. International and commercial partnerships have accelerated advances in propulsion, life support, habitat design and in situ resource utilisation, all of which are essential for supporting long-duration missions. However, significant challenges have also been identified, including radiation exposure, microgravity induced physiological changes and psychosocial stress. The purpose of this paper is to review the planning process and technological readiness for complex human exploration missions to Mars, incorporating considerations of space medicine, human factors, psychosocial impacts, radiation protection and ethical frameworks. This review is intended to inform mission investors and policymakers about the challenges and proposed countermeasures essential for a safe, reliable and ethically sound human journey to Mars. The anticipated establishment of a Mars base through the utilisation of a Lunar outpost as a crew launch and logistics platform further enhances mission feasibility and highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach.