The transcriptomics and differential gene expression of freezing and thawing in a freeze-tolerant vertebrate

Our findings provide an overview of gene expression patterns in a freeze-tolerant vertebrate, and evidence for the response being unique to each time point of the freeze-thaw process. The immediate and substantial regulation of genes at the onset of freezing is consistent with the freeze initiation hypothesis of freeze tolerance. We identify the genes and processes involved and suggest candidate genes for further study of their exact molecular mechanisms. Knowledge of recovery responses after thawing will be especially beneficial to advancing cryopreservation methods of organs and cells.