Unveiling the potential of bio-compost via microstructural characterization for sustainable agriculture

Organic and agricultural wastes are being generated in enormous quantities worldwide, creating challenges for safe disposal and sustainable resource use. Microbial-mediated composting has emerged as a promising, eco-friendly biotechnology that not only reduces the environmental burden of landfilling but also converts organic residues into a nutrient-rich, humus-like product suitable for soil restoration and crop productivity enhancement. Such composts improve soil structure, fertility, and microbial biodiversity while contributing to circular bioeconomy models. In this context, this study investigates the structural composition of mature bio-compost using advanced analytical techniques, such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), to evaluate its potential for sustainable agriculture. FTIR analysis identified functional groups indicative of organic matter transformation. SEM revealed a heterogeneous microstructure with interconnected aggregates, while HRTEM uncovered nano-scale crystalline features likely formed by microbial degradation. Future scope lies for studies emphasizing on field-scale applications and integration with precision farming, aligning strongly with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action).