Model-based economic evaluation of pharmacopuncture for chronic low back pain: a 3-year Markov analysis

This is the first model-based economic evaluation of pharmacopuncture for cLBP. Findings indicate that PPT can deliver higher QALYs at lower costs compared with PT, underscoring its potential as a high-value non-pharmacological alternative. This aligns with WHO priorities for evidence-based integration of traditional medicine, supports policy discussions on equitable coverage, and informs sustainable chronic pain management strategies across health systems.