Edible insects in human nutrition: nutritional value, economic potential, and environmental implications for sustainable food production

Abstract Ensuring global food security amid population growth and environmental degradation requires sustainable alternatives to conventional livestock production. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the nutritional value, economic potential, and environmental sustainability of edible insects, while identifying research trends and strategic pathways for their integration into food systems. Bibliometric mapping of publications from 2010 to 2025 revealed a rapid expansion of research activity, particularly in Asia and Europe, focusing on nutritional profiling, life-cycle assessments, and consumer behavior. Edible insects such as Acheta domesticus (cricket), Tenebrio molitor (mealworm), and Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) provide 35–65% protein, essential amino acids, healthy fats, and key micronutrients. Their farming requires significantly less land, water, and feed than conventional livestock, with greenhouse gas emissions up to 90% lower. The global edible insect market is projected to grow from USD 3.2 billion in 2023 to USD 9.8 billion by 2030 (CAGR 17.4%). However, adoption is hindered by regulatory gaps, consumer acceptance barriers, and scaling challenges. Integrating insect farming into circular economy models, supported by clear policy frameworks and consumer education strategies, could enhance food security, reduce environmental footprints, and create new economic opportunities. This review highlights strategic actions and research directions to unlock the societal benefits of edible insects as a sustainable protein source.