Sustainable valorisation of the species Cucurbita ficifolia in the context of the circular economy: a systematic review

Cucurbita ficifolia is an underutilised cucurbit with recognised nutritional, enzymatic and bioactive properties that could support circular strategies in agri-food systems. This study systematically reviewed Scopus and Web of Science records (1963–2023) to characterise research trajectories on C. ficifolia and to assess how published evidence aligns with circular economy patterns and sustainability pillars. The literature shows a progressive shift from physiological and enzymology studies towards biotechnological applications, functional ingredients and health-oriented products. Most valorisation routes emphasise material recycling and substitution patterns, with environmental and economic benefits reported more frequently than explicit social outcomes. However, life cycle assessments, techno-economic analyses and social impact metrics remain scarce. Overall, C. ficifolia emerges as a promising strategic resource for circular agri-food chains in climate-vulnerable regions, provided that future research integrates life cycle sustainability assessment, value chain governance and inclusive business models.