Recent advances in biodegradable printed sensors for sustainable electronics

The growing environmental concerns over conventional electronics are driving interest in the development of biodegradable electronics. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current research in this emerging field. It begins by introducing sensors and their environmental impacts, as well as the limitations of traditional, non-biodegradable materials, followed by the introduction of biodegradable materials that have been used for developing printed electronics. Biodegradable materials for both substrate fabrication and ink formulation are discussed. This is followed by an overview of common printing methods, including inkjet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, direct writing and 3D printing. Applications of the printed sensors in healthcare, environmental monitoring, human-machine interface and soft robotics are presented. Challenges in enhancing sensor material properties and balancing degradation with functional performance are discussed and future research directions are proposed to advance sustainable sensor technologies. This review emphasizes recent advancements and underscores the critical role of biodegradable sensors in promoting sustainability. • Comprehensive review of biodegradable printed electronics, materials, and methods. • Integration of substrates, inks, and printing techniques for sustainable sensors. • Discussion of applications, challenges, and future prospects in green electronics.