The effect of preemptive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug on inflammation, oxidative stress, and wound healing

This study evaluated the effects of preemptively administered nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on wound healing, inflammation, and oxidative stress in rats. 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups: no NSAID (Control), preemptive NSAID (Group 1), postoperative NSAID (Group 2), and pre- and postoperative NSAID (Group 3). As a NSAID, Celecoxib (20 mg/kg/day) was administered via oral gavage. A standardized mandibular burr-hole bone defect was created. Animals were euthanized at 1, 2, or 4 weeks postoperatively. Bone healing was evaluated histologically using the Emery scoring system. M1 and M2 macrophages were identified via immunohistochemistry. Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, prostaglandin E₂, and oxidative stress markers including total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No statistically significant differences were observed among groups in bone healing scores, macrophage counts, or cytokine levels; however, TAS was significantly higher in Group 1 and lower in Group 2 at week 1 (p = 0.023). OSI showed a consistent temporal pattern, with Group 1 exhibiting the lowest OSI at week 1, although this difference was not statistically significant. Given the small sample size, these findings should be interpreted as preliminary and hypothesis-generating rather than conclusive. Preemptive celecoxib administration appeared to modulate early inflammatory and oxidative responses without impairing bone regeneration. Further adequately powered studies are required to confirm these early trends.