Targeted therapy and biomarker-guided applications of ecofriendly silver nanoparticles in precision oncology

Eco-friendly silver nanoparticles (eco-AgNPs) represent a promising convergence of green nanotechnology and precision medicine for cancer treatment. This minireview examines the therapeutic potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through eco-friendly methods using plant extracts and microorganisms. These eco-friendly AgNPs demonstrate enhanced biocompatibility and selective cytotoxicity against malignant cells. These nanoparticles target cancer through multiple mechanisms including reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle disruption. Selectivity is achieved through surface functionalization with targeting moieties such as antibodies and aptamers that recognize overexpressed tumor receptors. The integration of biomarker-guided design enables tumor-specific delivery by exploiting unique metabolic signatures and cellular markers characteristic of different cancer types. Furthermore, AgNP-based theranostic platforms offer simultaneous diagnostic imaging and therapeutic intervention, providing real-time assessment of treatment response and enabling personalized dosing strategies. However, clinical translation faces significant challenges including potential long-term toxicity, standardization of synthesis protocols, and regulatory approval pathways. Successful clinical implementation will require interdisciplinary collaboration to optimize nanoparticle design, establish safety profiles, and develop combination therapies that maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing side effects. Eco-AgNPs thus offer a transformative approach to cancer treatment that combines environmental sustainability with precision targeting capabilities.