A review on physics-based patents that influenced modern technology and daily life: from discovery to invention

Abstract: Some of the greatest revolutionary breakthroughs in human history have been fueled by physics, the foundation of scientific investigation. This article examines how patents have transformed companies and society by turning theoretical ideas in physics into useful inventions. This research demonstrates the path from theoretical scientific understanding to practical application through in-depth case studies, ranging from the development of the transistor and laser to MRI, quantum cryptography, and superconducting magnets. The cases show the socioeconomic implications and ethical issues in the patenting process in addition to the scientific and technological difficulties involved. The article highlights how physics continues to influence the future through creative problem-solving, institutional support, and effective intellectual property protection by looking at these significant turning points.