HIV, syphilis, and gonorrhea co-infection and associated factors among adolescents and young adults aged 15–24 years in Ningbo, China, 2005–2024

Targeted interventions should prioritize male individuals, those in high-risk situations (such as those engaged in housework, unemployed, incarcerated, working in commercial services, students, or medical personnel), and those with non-local (out-of-province) household registration through enhanced STI health education, behavioral interventions, and expanded provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) to curb the rising trends in HIV and STI epidemics.