Chronic energy deficiency and its predictors among older adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency was substantial in the study area. It was significantly associated with age between 50 and 65, poor dietary diversity score, infrequent meal and irregular meal pattern, insomnia and household food insecurity. Therefore, efforts to combat CED should focus on supporting the most vulnerable groups identified in this study. Raising awareness within communities on meal frequency and meal pattern is also crucial.