Acute high-altitude illness: risk factors, susceptibility prediction, and personalized prevention and treatment

Hypoxemia is the core pathophysiological driver of AHAI and is closely linked to the development of AMS, HACE, and HAPE. Individual responses to hypoxia show substantial heterogeneity, underscoring the need for personalized prevention and management strategies. Future study should develop more robust multi-parameter risk-prediction models and validate them prospectively across diverse populations and ascent contexts, and integrate wearable sensors, biomarkers, and novel drug-delivery systems into personalized interventions to enhance prevention and clinical outcomes of high-altitude exposure-related diseases.