Recent Advances in Graphene and TiO2-Based Materials in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (A Review)

The global energy problem and environmental issues have expedited the advancement of alternative energy technology, with solar energy becoming a significant option. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted considerable interest owing to their economic viability, simplicity of production, and versatility. This study provides a detailed review of DSSCs, emphasizing the function of titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photoanodes and graphene-based counter electrodes. TiO2 nanostructures, due to their high surface area, outstanding optoelectronic properties, and effective electron transport characteristics, are utilized as the main photoanode material in DSSCs. Moreover, graphene and its derivatives are examined as potential substitutes for traditional platinum in counter electrode applications, owing to their enhanced electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and catalytic efficiency for the iodide/triiodide redox couple. The discussion encompasses a range of synthesis techniques, structural modifications, and doping strategies for TiO2 and graphene-based materials, highlighting their influence on the performance of DSSCs. This study also explores the difficulties linked to these materials and possible approaches for enhancing their efficiency and durability over time. The results emphasize that enhancing the interaction among photoanodes, counter electrodes, and electrolytes is essential for progressing DSSC technology towards large-scale commercialization.